Vulnerability vs. risk
A vulnerability is a weakness. Risk is the realistic impact if that weakness is used in your environment. Testing should explain both: what can be exploited and why it matters to the business.
Attack path
An attack path is the sequence that turns small weaknesses into meaningful exposure, such as initial access, privilege escalation, data access, and persistence. Mapping paths helps teams prioritize what actually reduces risk.
Control validation
Controls are only useful if they work under pressure. Validation checks whether authentication, authorization, segmentation, logging, alerting, and response processes behave as expected during realistic abuse.
Secure architecture
Architecture review looks at trust boundaries, data flows, identity assumptions, and failure modes before implementation details hide the bigger design risks.
AI system security
AI security is not only prompt testing. Real exposure often sits around the model: retrieval permissions, tool invocation, tenant isolation, logging, human approval, and data handling.
Security regression
When a finding is fixed, it should not silently return. High-value findings can become repeatable checks that run during development, release review, or ongoing assurance.